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This paper is concerned with the distribu- tion of the endemic earthworms of New Zealand and its surrounding islands. The fauna consists of 178 species, of 27 genera of the family Megascolecidae, divided between the two subfamilies Acanthodrilinae (126 species, 17 genera) and Megascolecinae (52 species, 10 genera).
In the accompanying map, the main islands of New Zealand have been divided into nine principal areas, based on the distribution of Megascolecidae.

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An account of the distribution of any vegetation presupposes a satisfactory classification of it. Excepting a few small areas, no detailed analyses have been made of our plant communities; rather have we depended upon a somewhat general approach, following Cockayne who classified forests into communities named from their physiognomic dominants. He also drew attention to changes brought about by succession and maintained that changes, brought about by time, were the result of succession.

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I have here limited my treatment of the role of grasses in delimiting natural areas to their numerical distribution in relation to those areas where they occur. The basis ofthis treatment is the relation
S = K log A
i.e., the number of species in an area is proportional to the logarithm of the area. The number of the species common to any two areas A1 and A2 can be expressed
S1 + S2 - S
and the estimated number
K (log A1 + log A2 - log AT)

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Natural areas may be recognised by the living things within them. These living things acquire features which are related to environmental factors characteristic of the natural area. In this way, natural areas express themselves in living things, and living things show at what points variations in environmental factors are significant.

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Attention is confined to the longer and more complex benthic algae. Littoral zonation is defined as the regular horizontal arrangement of algae on coastal substrata.

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Thorson (1) in discussing the choice of substratum by marine larvae, points out that further detailed knowledge of life cycles indicates that larvae possess more adaptability than has been hitherto assumed.

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Important properties of a population affected by its age structure are :—the birth rate (which frequently varies with the age of the organism), the death rate (which usually increases with increasing age), the sex ratio (which usually alters because males and females are subject to differing risks throughout life), and behaviour (Which may affect dispersal and the nature of competition).

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